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Metadata Glossary

Global Financial Development

Showing Results from 1 to 105 of 105

5

5-bank asset concentration
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.06	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Assets of five largest banks as a share of total commercial banking assets. Total assets include total earning assets, cash and due from banks, foreclosed real estate, fixed assets, goodwill, other intangibles, current tax assets, deferred tax, discontinued operations and other assets. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is (sum(data2025) for the five largest banks in Bankscope) / (sum(data2025) for all banks) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis.
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A

ATMs per 100,000 adults
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.25	Financial Access Survey (FAS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	For each country calculated as: 100,000*Number of ATMs/adult population in the reporting country.
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B

Bank accounts per 1,000 adults
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.01	Financial Access Survey (FAS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	For each country calculated as: 1,000*reported number of depositors/adult population in the reporting country.
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Bank branches per 100,000 adults
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.02	Financial Access Survey (FAS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	For each country calculated as: 100,000*reported number of commercial bank branches/adult population in the reporting country.
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Bank capital to total assets (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SI.03	Financial Soundness Indicators Database (fsi.imf.org), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Ratio of bank capital and reserves to total assets. Capital and reserves include funds contributed by owners, retained earnings, general and special reserves, provisions, and valuation adjustments. Capital includes tier 1 capital (paid-up shares and common stock), which is a common feature in all countries' banking systems, and total regulatory capital, which includes several specified types of subordinated debt instruments that need not be repaid if the funds are required to maintain minimum capital levels (these comprise tier 2 and tier 3 capital). Total assets include all nonfinancial and financial assets. Reported by IMF staff. Note that due to differences in national accounting, taxation, and supervisory regimes, these data are not strictly comparable across countries.
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Bank concentration (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.01	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Assets of three largest commercial banks as a share of total commercial banking assets. Total assets include total earning assets, cash and due from banks, foreclosed real estate, fixed assets, goodwill, other intangibles, current tax assets, deferred tax assets, discontinued operations and other assets. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is (sum(data2025) for the three largest banks in Bankscope) / (sum(data2025) for all banks) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis.
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Bank cost to income ratio (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.07	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Operating expenses of a bank as a share of sum of net-interest revenue and other operating income. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2090 / (data2080 + data2085) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. All Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Bank credit to bank deposits (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SI.04	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Private credit by deposit money banks (IFS line 22d and FOSAOP); bank deposits (IFS lines 24, 25, FOST and FOSD).
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Bank deposits to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.02	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Demand, time and saving deposits in deposit money banks as a share of GDP. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Bank deposits (IFS lines 24, 25, FOST and FOSD); GDP in local currency (IFS line NGDP); end-of period CPI (IFS line PCPI); and average annual CPI is calculated using the monthly CPI values (IFS line PCPI).
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Bank lending-deposit spread
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.02	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Difference between lending rate and deposit rate. Lending rate is the rate charged by banks on loans to the private sector and deposit interest rate is the rate offered by commercial banks on three-month deposits. IFS line 60P - line 60L.
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Bank net interest margin (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.01	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Accounting value of bank's net interest revenue as a share of its average interest-bearing (total earning) assets. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2080[t] / ((data2010[t] + data2010[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Bank noninterest income to total income (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.03	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Bank’s income that has been generated by noninterest related activities as a percentage of total income (net-interest income plus noninterest income). Noninterest related income includes net gains on trading and derivatives, net gains on other securities, net fees and commissions and other operating income. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2085 / (data2080 + data2085) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Number is only calculated when net-interest income is not negative. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Bank nonperforming loans to gross loans (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SI.02	Financial Soundness Indicators Database (fsi.imf.org), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Reported by IMF staff. Note that due to differences in national accounting, taxation, and supervisory regimes, these data are not strictly comparable across countries.
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Bank overhead costs to total assets (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.04	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Operating expenses of a bank as a share of the value of all assets held. Total assets include total earning assets, cash and due from banks, foreclosed real estate, fixed assets, goodwill, other intangibles, current tax assets, deferred tax assets, discontinued operations and other assets. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2090[t] / ((data2025[t] + data2025[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Bank regulatory capital to risk-weighted assets (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SI.05	Financial Soundness Indicators Database (fsi.imf.org), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Reported by IMF staff. Note that due to differences in national accounting, taxation, and supervisory regimes, these data are not strictly comparable across countries.
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Bank return on assets (%, after tax)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.05	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Commercial banks’ after-tax net income to yearly averaged total assets. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2115[t] / ((data2025[t] + data2025[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Bank return on assets (%, before tax)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.09	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Commercial banks’ pre-tax income to yearly averaged total assets. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data10270[t] / ((data2025[t] + data2025[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Bank return on equity (%, after tax)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.06	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Commercial banks’ after-tax net income to yearly averaged equity. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2115[t] / ((data2055[t] + data2055[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Bank return on equity (%, before tax)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.10	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Commercial banks’ pre-tax income to yearly averaged equity. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data10270[t] / ((data2055[t] + data2055[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Bank Z-score
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SI.01	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	It captures the probability of default of a country's banking system. Z-score compares the buffer of a country's banking system (capitalization and returns) with the volatility of those returns. It is estimated as (ROA+(equity/assets))/sd(ROA); sd(ROA) is the standard deviation of ROA, calculated for country-years with no less than 5 bank-level observations. ROA, equity, and assets are country-level aggregate figures. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Banking crisis dummy (1=banking crisis, 0=none)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.19	LAEVEN, L. and VALENCIA, F. (2018), “Systemic Banking Crises Revisited”, IMF WP/18/206
Description	A banking crisis is defined as systemic if two conditions are met: a. Significant signs of financial distress in the banking system (as indicated bysignificant bank runs, losses in the banking system, and/or bank liquidations), b. Significant banking policy intervention measures in response to significant losses in the banking system. The first year that both criteria are met is considered as the year when the crisis start becoming systemic. The end of a crisis is defined the year before both real GDP growth and real credit growth are positive for at least two consecutive years.
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Borrowed any money in the past year (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.14	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who borrowed any money in the past 12 months from any of the following sources: a formal financial institution, a store by using installment credit, family or friends, employer, or another private lender (% age 15+). (Note that getting a loan does not necessarily require having an account.) The variables correspond to Global Findex variable fin23_t_d.
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Borrowed from a financial institution (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.07	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money from a bank, credit union, microfinance institution, or another financial institution such as a cooperative in the past 12 months (% age 15+). The values correspond to Global Findex variable fin22a_t_a.
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Borrowed from a store by buying on credit (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.17	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who borrowed any money in the past 12 months from a store by using installment credit or buying on credit (% age 15+). The variables correspond to Global Findex variable fin21b_t_14_a.
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Borrowed from family or friends (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.18	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money from family or friends in the past 12 months (% age 15+). The variables correspond to Global Findex variable fin22b_t_a.
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Borrowed to start, operate, or expand a farm or business (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.08	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who report using their accounts at a formal financial institution for farming/business purposes only or for both farming/business purposes and personal transactions (% age 15+). The values correspond to Global Findex variable fin21_t_a.
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C

Central bank assets to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.06	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Claims on domestic real nonfinancial sector by the Central Bank as a share of GDP. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF's International Financial Statistics. Central Bank claims (IFS lines 12, a-d, FASAG, FASAOS, FASAON and FASAOP); GDP in local currency (IFS line NGDP).
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Consolidated foreign claims of BIS reporting banks to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.14	Consolidated Banking Statistics (CBS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	The ratio of consolidated foreign claims to GDP of the banks that are reporting to BIS. Foreign claims are defined as the sum of cross-border claims plus foreign offices’ local claims in all currencies. In the consolidated banking statistics claims that are granted or extended to nonresidents are referred to as cross-border claims. In the context of the consolidated banking statistics, local claims refer to claims of domestic banks’ foreign affiliates (branches/subsidiaries) on the residents of the host country (i.e. country of residence of affiliates). The calculation is based on BIS CBS Table B3: cross-border claims + local claims. End-of-year data (i.e. December data) are considered for banks claims. GDP is from World Development Indicators.
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Corporate bond average maturity (years)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DM.15	Debt Capital Market Database, Dealogic; World Bank Global Syndicated Loans and Bonds Database (FinDebt)
Description	Duration of bonds weighted by deal volume. Average maturities are constructed in two steps: i) the maturity of each tranche is weighted by the value of the tranche to estimate the deal level weighted-average maturity, ii) deal-level weighted average maturities are weighted again by the total value of the bond to aggregate to the country-year level.
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Corporate bond issuance volume to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DM.13	Debt Capital Market Database, Dealogic; World Bank Global Syndicated Loans and Bonds Database (FinDebt)
Description	Total volume of newly issued corporate bonds by private entities in industries other than finance, holding companies and insurance, divided by GDP in current USD. GDP is from World Development Indicators.
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Credit card ownership (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.20	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents with a credit card (% age 15+). The variables correspond to Global Findex variable fin7_t_a.
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Credit to government and state owned enterprises to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.08	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. (IFS line 22a + line 22b + line 22c) / GDP. IFS line FOSAG, FOSAOG and FOSAON are used respectively for line 22a, 22b and 22c when unavailable. Local currency GDP is from IFS (line NGDP).
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D

Debit card ownership (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.21	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents with a debit card (% age 15+). The variables correspond to Global Findex variable fin2_t_a.
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Debt securities by offshore investors (amounts outstanding) to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.09	Debt Securities Statistics (DSS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	Ratio of outstanding offshore debt securities to GDP. Offshore debt securities from BIS DDS Table C3 (amount outstanding): International debt securities - all issuers.
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Debt securities by offshore investors (net issuances) to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.08	Debt Securities Statistics (DSS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	Ratio of net offshore debt securities issuances to GDP. Offshore debt securities issuances data from BIS DSS Table C3 (net Issues): International debt securities - all issuers.
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Deposit money bank assets to deposit money bank assets and central bank assets (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.04	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF's International Financial Statistics (IFS lines 12 and 22, a-d, FASAG, FASAOS, FASAON, FASAOP, FOSAG, FOSAOG, FOSAON and FOSAOP).
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Deposit money banks' assets to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.02	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Claims on domestic real nonfinancial sector by deposit money banks as a share of GDP. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Deposit money bank assets (IFS lines 22, a-d, FOSAG, FOSAOG, FOSAON and FOSAOP); GDP in local currency (IFS line NGDP).
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Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.14	World Development Indicators (WDI), World Bank
Description	Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises.
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E

External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis all sectors (% of domestic bank deposits)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.12	Locational Banking Statistics (LBS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	Data is from BIS LBS Table A6.1: External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis all sectors, on the basis of residence. Bank deposits from IFS (IFS lines 24, 25, FOST and FOSD). End of year data (i.e. December data) are used.
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External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis the banking sector (% of domestic bank deposits)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.10	Locational Banking Statistics (LBS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	Data is from BIS LBS Table A6.1: External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis the banking sector, on the basis of residence. Bank deposits from IFS (IFS lines 24, 25, FOST and FOSD). End of year data (i.e. December data) are used.
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External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis the nonbanking sectors (% of domestic bank deposits)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.11	Locational Banking Statistics (LBS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	Data is from BIS LBS Table A6.1: External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis nonbanking sectors, on the basis of residence. Bank deposits from IFS (IFS lines 24, 25, FOST and FOSD). End of year data (i.e. December data) are used.
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F

Financial institution account (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.05	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents with an account (self or together with someone else) at a bank, credit union, another financial institution (e.g., cooperative, microfinance institution), or the post office (if applicable) including respondents who reported having a debit card (% age 15+). The values correspond to Global Findex variable fin1_t_a.
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Financial system deposits to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.08	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Demand, time and saving deposits in deposit money banks and other financial institutions as a share of GDP. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Financial system deposits (IFS lines 24, 25, 44, 45, FOST and FOSD); GDP in local currency (IFS line NGDP).
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Firms identifying access to finance as a major constraint (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.36	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Percentage of firms identifying access/cost of finance as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.
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Firms not needing a loan (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.32	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Percent of firms that did not apply for a loan in the last fiscal year because they did not need a loan. The denominator is the sum of all firms who applied and did not apply for a loan. The numerator is the number of firms who did not apply for a loan and also stated that they did not need a loan.
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Firms using banks to finance investments (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.28	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Percentage of firms using banks to finance purchases of fixed assets.
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Firms using banks to finance working capital (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.29	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Percentage of firms using bank loans to finance working capital.
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Firms whose recent loan application was rejected (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.33	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Percent of firms whose most recent loan application was rejected by a formal financial institution.
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Firms with a bank loan or line of credit (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.03	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Percentage of firms in the formal sector with a line of credit or a loan from a formal financial institution, such as a bank, credit union, microfinance institution, or cooperative.
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Firms with a checking or savings account (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.27	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Percentage of firms with a checking or savings account.
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Foreign bank assets among total bank assets (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.16	CLAESSENS, S. and VAN HOREN, N. (2014), "Foreign Banks: Trends and Impact", Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 46: 295–326 CLAESSENS, S. and VAN HOREN, N. (2015), "The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Banking Globalization", DNB WP No. 459
Description	Percentage of the total banking assets that are held by foreign banks. A foreign bank is a bank where 50 percent or more of its shares are owned by foreigners.
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Foreign banks among total banks (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.15	CLAESSENS, S. and VAN HOREN, N. (2014), "Foreign Banks: Trends and Impact", Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 46: 295–326 CLAESSENS, S. and VAN HOREN, N. (2015), "The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Banking Globalization", DNB WP No. 459
Description	Percentage of the number of foreign owned banks to the number of the total banks in an Economy. A foreign bank is a bank where 50 percent or more of its shares are owned by foreigners.
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G

Global leasing volume to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.17	White Clarke Global Leasing Report
Description	Ratios calculated by source.
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Gross portfolio debt assets to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DM.11	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Ratio of gross portfolio debt assets to GDP. Debt assets cover (1) bonds, debentures, notes, etc., and (2) money market or negotiable debt instruments. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF's International Financial Statistics. IFS line 8BBAAZF / GDP Local currency GDP is from IFS. The exchange rate is from IMF International Financial Statistics.
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Gross portfolio debt liabilities to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DM.10	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Ratio of gross portfolio debt liabilities to GDP. Debt liabilities cover (1) bonds, debentures, notes, etc., and (2) money market or negotiable debt instruments. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF's International Financial Statistics. IFS line 8BBLAZF / GDP. Local currency GDP is from IFS (line 99B..ZF or, if not available, line 99B.CZF). GDP is from World Development Indicators.
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Gross Portfolio Equity & Investment Fund Shares Assets / GDP
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DM.09	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Ratio of gross portfolio equity assets to GDP. Equity assets include shares, stocks, participation, and comparable documents (such as American depository receipts) that usually denote ownership of equity. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF's International Financial Statistics. IFS line 8BAAAZF / GDP. Local currency GDP from IFS was converted to USD. The exchange rate is from World Development Indicators.
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Gross Portfolio Equity & Investment Fund Shares Liabilities / GDP
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DM.08	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Ratio of gross portfolio equity liabilities to GDP. Equity liabilities include shares, stocks, participation, and comparable documents (such as American depository receipts) that usually denote ownership of equity. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF's International Financial Statistics. IFS line 8BALAZF / GDP. Local currency GDP from IFS was converted to USD. The exchange rate is from World Development Indicators.
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I

Insurance company assets to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.11	Nonbanking financial database, World Bank
Description	Data taken from a variety of sources such as AXCO and national sources.
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Investments financed by banks (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.34	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Estimated proportion of purchases of fixed assets that was financed from bank loans.
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L

Life insurance premium volume to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.09	Sigma Reports, Swiss Re
Description	Premium data is taken from various issues of Sigma reports (Swiss Re). Data on GDP in US dollars is from the electronic version of the World Development Indicators.
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Liquid assets to deposits and short term funding (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SI.06	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	The ratio of the value of liquid assets (easily converted to cash) to short-term funding plus total deposits. Liquid assets include cash and due from banks, trading securities and at fair value through income, loans and advances to banks, reverse repos and cash collaterals. Deposits and short term funding includes total customer deposits (current, savings and term) and short term borrowing (money market instruments, CDs and other deposits). Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2075 / data2030 and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Liquid liabilities in millions USD (2010 constant)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.07	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF's International Financial Statistics. Liquid liabilities (IFS lines 55L..ZF, FFCD, or, if not available, line 35L..ZF, FDSB); for Eurocurrency area countries, liquid liabilities are estimated by summing IFS items 34A, 34B and 35, or alternatively FDSBC, FDSBT, and FDSBO.
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Liquid liabilities to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.05	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF's International Financial Statistics. Liquid liabilities (IFS lines 55L, FFCD or, if not available, line 35L, FDSB); GDP in local currency (IFS line NGDP). For Eurocurrency area countries liquid liabilities are estimated by summing IFS items 34a, 34b and 35, or alternatively FDSBC, FDSBT, and FDSBO.
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Loan from a private lender in the past year (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.15	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money from a private lender in the past 12 months (% age 15+). [Global Findex legacy series]
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Loan from an employer in the past year (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.16	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money from an employer in the past 12 months (% age 15+). [Global Findex legacy series]
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Loans requiring collateral (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.30	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Percentage of loans where a formal financial institution requires collateral in order to provide the financing.
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M

Made digital payments in the past year (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.22	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who used electronic payments (payments that one makes or that are made automatically including wire transfers or payments made online) in the past 12 months to make payments on bills or to buy things using money from their accounts (% age 15+). The variables correspond to Global Findex variable g20_t_made.
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Market capitalization excluding top 10 companies to total market capitalization (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AM.02	World Federation of Exchanges
Description	Value of listed shares outside of the top ten largest companies to total value of all listed shares.
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Mutual fund assets to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.07	Nonbanking financial database, World Bank
Description	Data taken from a variety of sources such as Investment Company Institute and national sources. Due to differences in sources these data are not strictly comparable across countries.
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N

No deposit and no withdrawal from an account in the past year (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.26	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who did not make deposits or withdrawals from a financial institution account in the past year. The values correspond to Global Findex variable fin9_t_d1.
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Nonbank financial institutions’ assets to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.03	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Claims on domestic real nonfinancial sector by other financial institutions as a share of GDP. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Nonbank financial institutions assets (IFS lines 42, a-d, FFSAG, FFSAOG, FFSAON, FFSAP and FFSAP); GDP in local currency (IFS line NGDP).
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Nonfinancial corporate bonds to total bonds and notes outstanding (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AM.03	Debt Securities Statistics (DSS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	Total amount of domestic nonfinancial corporate bonds and notes outstanding to total amount of domestic bonds and notes outstanding, both corporate and noncorporate. BIS DSS Table C1 (domestic debt amount: nonfinancial corporates) / (domestic debt amount: all issuers).
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Nonlife insurance premium volume to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.10	Sigma Reports, Swiss Re
Description	Premium data is taken from various issues of Sigma reports (Swiss Re). Data on GDP in US dollars is from the electronic version of the World Development Indicators.
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Number of listed companies per 1,000,000 people
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OM.01	World Federation of Exchanges; Global Stock Markets Factbook and supplemental S&P data, Standard & Poor's
Description	Number of publicly listed companies per 1,000,000 people. Number of listed domestic companies is the domestically incorporated companies listed on the country's stock exchanges at the end of the year. This indicator does not include investment companies, mutual funds, or other collective investment vehicles.
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O

Outstanding domestic private debt securities to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DM.03	Debt Securities Statistics (DSS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	Total amount of domestic private debt securities (amounts outstanding) issued in domestic markets as a share of GDP. It covers data on long-term bonds and notes, commercial paper and other short-term notes. BIS DSS Table C1 (domestic debt amount: all issuers) - (domestic debt amount: governments) / GDP. End of year data (i.e. December data) are considered for debt securities. GDP is from World Development Indicators.
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Outstanding domestic public debt securities to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DM.04	Debt Securities Statistics (DSS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	Total amount of domestic public debt securities (amounts outstanding) issued in domestic markets as a share of GDP. It covers long-term bonds and notes, treasury bills, commercial paper and other short-term notes. BIS DSS Table C1 (domestic debt amount: governments) / GDP. End of year data (i.e. December data) are considered for debt securities. GDP is from World Development Indicators.
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Outstanding international private debt securities to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DM.05	Debt Securities Statistics (DSS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	Amount of private international debt securities (amounts outstanding), as a share of GDP. It covers long-term bonds and notes and money market instruments placed on international markets. BIS DSS Table C1 (international debt amount: all issuers) - (international debt amount: governments) / GDP. End of year data (i.e. December data) are considered for debt securities. GDP is from World Development Indicators.
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Outstanding international public debt securities to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DM.06	Debt Securities Statistics (DSS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	Amount of public international debt securities (amounts outstanding), as a share of GDP. It covers long-term bonds and notes and money market instruments placed on international markets. BIS DSS Table C1 (international debt amount: governments) / GDP. End of year data (i.e. December data) are considered for debt securities. GDP is from World Development Indicators.
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Outstanding total international debt securities / GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DM.07	Debt Securities Statistics (DSS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	Amount of international debt securities (amounts outstanding), as a share of GDP. It covers long-term bonds and notes and money market instruments placed on international markets. BIS DSS Table C1 (international debt amount: all issuers) / GDP. End of year data (i.e. December data) are considered for debt securities. GDP is from World Development Indicators.
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P

Paid utility bills: using a mobile phone (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.23	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who report using a mobile phone to pay bills in the past 12 months (% age 15+). The variables correspond to Global Findex variable fin31b_t_a.
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Pension fund assets to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.13	Nonbanking financial database, World Bank
Description	Ratio of assets of pension funds to GDP. A pension fund is any plan, fund, or scheme that provides retirement income. Data taken from a variety of sources such as OECD, AIOS, FIAP and national sources.
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Private credit by deposit money banks and other financial institutions to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.12	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Private credit by deposit money banks and other financial institutions to GDP. Private credit by deposit money banks and other financial institutions (IFS lines 22d, 42d, FOSAOP and FFSAP); GDP in local currency (IFS line NGDP).
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Private credit by deposit money banks to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.01	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Private credit by deposit money banks and other financial institutions to GDP. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Private credit by deposit money banks (IFS line 22d and FOSAOP); GDP in local currency (IFS line NGDP).
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Provisions to nonperforming loans (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SI.07	Financial Soundness Indicators Database (fsi.imf.org), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Provisions to nonperforming loans. Nonperforming Loans are loans for which the contractual payments are delinquent, usually defined as and NPL ratio being overdue for more than a certain number of days (e.g., usually more than 90 days). Reported by IMF staff. Note that due to differences in national accounting, taxation, and supervisory regimes, these data are not strictly comparable across countries.
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R

Received domestic remittances: through a financial institution (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.10	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who report using their accounts at a formal financial institution to receive money from family members living elsewhere in the past 12 months (% age 15+). The values correspond to Global Findex variable fin27a_t_a.
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Received government transfers: into a financial institution account (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.09	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who report using their accounts at a formal financial institution to receive money or payments from the government in the past 12 months (% age 15+). The values correspond to Global Findex variable fin39a_t_a.
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Received wages: into a financial institution account (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.11	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who report using their accounts at a formal financial institution to receive money or payments for work or from selling goods in the past 12 months (% age 15+). The values correspond to Global Findex variable fin34a_t_a.
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Remittance inflows to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.13	World Development Indicators (WDI), World Bank
Description	Workers' remittances and compensation of employees comprise current transfers by migrant workers and wages and salaries earned by nonresident workers. Data are the sum of three items defined in the fifth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual: workers' remittances, compensation of employees, and migrants' transfers. Remittances are classified as current private transfers from migrant workers resident in the host country for more than a year, irrespective of their immigration status, to recipients in their country of origin. Migrants' transfers are defined as the net worth of migrants who are expected to remain in the host country for more than one year that is transferred from one country to another at the time of migration. Compensation of employees is the income of migrants who have lived in the host country for less than a year.
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S

Saved any money in the past year (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.12	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who report saving or setting aside any money in the past 12 months (% age 15+). The values correspond to Global Findex variable fin18_t_d.
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Saved at a financial institution (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.06	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who report saving or setting aside any money by using an account at a formal financial institution such as a bank, credit union, microfinance institution, or cooperative in the past 12 months (% age 15+). The values correspond to Global Findex variable fin17a_t_a.
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Saved using a savings club or a person outside the family (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.13	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who report saving or setting aside any money by using an informal savings club or a person outside the family in the past 12 months (% age 15+). The values correspond to Global Findex variable fin17b_t_a.
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Sent domestic remittances: through a mobile phone (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.24	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who report using a mobile phone to send money in the past 12 months (% age 15+). The variables correspond to Global Findex variable fin29b_t_a.
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Small firms with a bank loan or line of credit (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.04	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Percentage of small firms (5-19 workers) in the formal sector with a line of credit or a loan from a (formal) financial institution, such as a bank, credit union, microfinance institution, or cooperative.
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Stock market capitalization to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DM.01	World Federation of Exchanges; Global Stock Markets Factbook and supplemental S&P data, Standard & Poor's
Description	Total value of all listed shares in a stock market as a percentage of GDP.
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Stock market return (%, year-on-year)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OM.02	Bloomberg
Description	Stock market return is the growth rate of annual average stock market index. Annual average stock market index is constructed by taking the average of the daily stock market indexes available at Bloomberg.
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Stock market total value traded to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DM.02	World Federation of Exchanges; Global Stock Markets Factbook and supplemental S&P data, Standard & Poor's
Description	Total value of all traded shares in a stock market exchange as a percentage of GDP.
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Stock market turnover ratio (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EM.01	World Federation of Exchanges; Global Stock Markets Factbook and supplemental S&P data, Standard & Poor's
Description	Total value of shares traded during the period divided by the average market capitalization for the period.
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Stock price volatility
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SM.01	Bloomberg
Description	Stock price volatility is the average of the 360-day volatility of the national stock market index.
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Syndicated loan average maturity (years)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DM.14	Loan Analytics Database, Dealogic; World Bank Global Syndicated Loans and Bonds Database (FinDebt)
Description	Duration of loans weighted by deal volume. Average maturities are constructed in two steps: i) the maturity of each tranche is weighted by the value of the tranche to estimate the deal level weighted-average maturity, ii) deal-level weighted average maturities are weighted again by the total value of the deal to aggregate to the country-year level.
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Syndicated loan issuance volume to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DM.12	Loan Analytics Database, Dealogic; World Bank Global Syndicated Loans and Bonds Database (FinDebt)
Description	Total volume of newly issued syndicated loans by private entities in industries other than finance, holding companies and insurance, divided by GDP in current USD. GDP is from World Development Indicators.
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T

Total factoring volume to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.18	Factors Chain International
Description	GDP data provided by IFS and converted into USD using IFS exchange rates.
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U

Used checks to make payments in the past year (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.19	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who used checks in the past 12 months to make payments on bills or to buy things using money from their accounts (% age 15+). The variables correspond to Global Findex variable fin68a_11_a.
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V

Value of collateral needed for a loan (% of the loan amount)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.31	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Value of collateral needed by a formal financial institution for a loan or line of credit as a percentage of the loan value or the value of the line of credit.
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Value traded excluding top 10 traded companies to total value traded (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AM.01	World Federation of Exchanges
Description	Value of all traded shares outside of the top ten largest traded companies as a share of total value of all traded shares in a stock market exchange. WFE provides data on the exchange level. This variable is aggregated up to the country level by taking a simple average over exchanges.
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W

Working capital financed by banks (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.35	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Proportion of the working capital that was financed by bank loans.
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