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Metadata Glossary

Global Financial Development

Showing Results from 1 to 50 of 105

5

5-bank asset concentration
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.06	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Assets of five largest banks as a share of total commercial banking assets. Total assets include total earning assets, cash and due from banks, foreclosed real estate, fixed assets, goodwill, other intangibles, current tax assets, deferred tax, discontinued operations and other assets. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is (sum(data2025) for the five largest banks in Bankscope) / (sum(data2025) for all banks) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis.
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A

ATMs per 100,000 adults
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.25	Financial Access Survey (FAS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	For each country calculated as: 100,000*Number of ATMs/adult population in the reporting country.
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B

Bank accounts per 1,000 adults
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.01	Financial Access Survey (FAS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	For each country calculated as: 1,000*reported number of depositors/adult population in the reporting country.
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Bank branches per 100,000 adults
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.02	Financial Access Survey (FAS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	For each country calculated as: 100,000*reported number of commercial bank branches/adult population in the reporting country.
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Bank capital to total assets (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SI.03	Financial Soundness Indicators Database (fsi.imf.org), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Ratio of bank capital and reserves to total assets. Capital and reserves include funds contributed by owners, retained earnings, general and special reserves, provisions, and valuation adjustments. Capital includes tier 1 capital (paid-up shares and common stock), which is a common feature in all countries' banking systems, and total regulatory capital, which includes several specified types of subordinated debt instruments that need not be repaid if the funds are required to maintain minimum capital levels (these comprise tier 2 and tier 3 capital). Total assets include all nonfinancial and financial assets. Reported by IMF staff. Note that due to differences in national accounting, taxation, and supervisory regimes, these data are not strictly comparable across countries.
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Bank concentration (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.01	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Assets of three largest commercial banks as a share of total commercial banking assets. Total assets include total earning assets, cash and due from banks, foreclosed real estate, fixed assets, goodwill, other intangibles, current tax assets, deferred tax assets, discontinued operations and other assets. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is (sum(data2025) for the three largest banks in Bankscope) / (sum(data2025) for all banks) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis.
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Bank cost to income ratio (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.07	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Operating expenses of a bank as a share of sum of net-interest revenue and other operating income. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2090 / (data2080 + data2085) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. All Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Bank credit to bank deposits (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SI.04	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Private credit by deposit money banks (IFS line 22d and FOSAOP); bank deposits (IFS lines 24, 25, FOST and FOSD).
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Bank deposits to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.02	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Demand, time and saving deposits in deposit money banks as a share of GDP. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Bank deposits (IFS lines 24, 25, FOST and FOSD); GDP in local currency (IFS line NGDP); end-of period CPI (IFS line PCPI); and average annual CPI is calculated using the monthly CPI values (IFS line PCPI).
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Bank lending-deposit spread
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.02	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Difference between lending rate and deposit rate. Lending rate is the rate charged by banks on loans to the private sector and deposit interest rate is the rate offered by commercial banks on three-month deposits. IFS line 60P - line 60L.
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Bank net interest margin (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.01	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Accounting value of bank's net interest revenue as a share of its average interest-bearing (total earning) assets. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2080[t] / ((data2010[t] + data2010[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Bank noninterest income to total income (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.03	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Bank’s income that has been generated by noninterest related activities as a percentage of total income (net-interest income plus noninterest income). Noninterest related income includes net gains on trading and derivatives, net gains on other securities, net fees and commissions and other operating income. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2085 / (data2080 + data2085) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Number is only calculated when net-interest income is not negative. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Bank nonperforming loans to gross loans (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SI.02	Financial Soundness Indicators Database (fsi.imf.org), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Reported by IMF staff. Note that due to differences in national accounting, taxation, and supervisory regimes, these data are not strictly comparable across countries.
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Bank overhead costs to total assets (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.04	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Operating expenses of a bank as a share of the value of all assets held. Total assets include total earning assets, cash and due from banks, foreclosed real estate, fixed assets, goodwill, other intangibles, current tax assets, deferred tax assets, discontinued operations and other assets. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2090[t] / ((data2025[t] + data2025[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Bank regulatory capital to risk-weighted assets (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SI.05	Financial Soundness Indicators Database (fsi.imf.org), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Reported by IMF staff. Note that due to differences in national accounting, taxation, and supervisory regimes, these data are not strictly comparable across countries.
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Bank return on assets (%, after tax)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.05	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Commercial banks’ after-tax net income to yearly averaged total assets. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2115[t] / ((data2025[t] + data2025[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Bank return on assets (%, before tax)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.09	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Commercial banks’ pre-tax income to yearly averaged total assets. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data10270[t] / ((data2025[t] + data2025[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Bank return on equity (%, after tax)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.06	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Commercial banks’ after-tax net income to yearly averaged equity. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2115[t] / ((data2055[t] + data2055[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Bank return on equity (%, before tax)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.10	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Commercial banks’ pre-tax income to yearly averaged equity. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data10270[t] / ((data2055[t] + data2055[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Bank Z-score
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SI.01	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	It captures the probability of default of a country's banking system. Z-score compares the buffer of a country's banking system (capitalization and returns) with the volatility of those returns. It is estimated as (ROA+(equity/assets))/sd(ROA); sd(ROA) is the standard deviation of ROA, calculated for country-years with no less than 5 bank-level observations. ROA, equity, and assets are country-level aggregate figures. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Banking crisis dummy (1=banking crisis, 0=none)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.19	LAEVEN, L. and VALENCIA, F. (2018), “Systemic Banking Crises Revisited”, IMF WP/18/206
Description	A banking crisis is defined as systemic if two conditions are met: a. Significant signs of financial distress in the banking system (as indicated bysignificant bank runs, losses in the banking system, and/or bank liquidations), b. Significant banking policy intervention measures in response to significant losses in the banking system. The first year that both criteria are met is considered as the year when the crisis start becoming systemic. The end of a crisis is defined the year before both real GDP growth and real credit growth are positive for at least two consecutive years.
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Borrowed any money in the past year (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.14	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who borrowed any money in the past 12 months from any of the following sources: a formal financial institution, a store by using installment credit, family or friends, employer, or another private lender (% age 15+). (Note that getting a loan does not necessarily require having an account.) The variables correspond to Global Findex variable fin23_t_d.
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Borrowed from a financial institution (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.07	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money from a bank, credit union, microfinance institution, or another financial institution such as a cooperative in the past 12 months (% age 15+). The values correspond to Global Findex variable fin22a_t_a.
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Borrowed from a store by buying on credit (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.17	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who borrowed any money in the past 12 months from a store by using installment credit or buying on credit (% age 15+). The variables correspond to Global Findex variable fin21b_t_14_a.
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Borrowed from family or friends (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.18	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money from family or friends in the past 12 months (% age 15+). The variables correspond to Global Findex variable fin22b_t_a.
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Borrowed to start, operate, or expand a farm or business (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.08	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents who report using their accounts at a formal financial institution for farming/business purposes only or for both farming/business purposes and personal transactions (% age 15+). The values correspond to Global Findex variable fin21_t_a.
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C

Central bank assets to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.06	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Claims on domestic real nonfinancial sector by the Central Bank as a share of GDP. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF's International Financial Statistics. Central Bank claims (IFS lines 12, a-d, FASAG, FASAOS, FASAON and FASAOP); GDP in local currency (IFS line NGDP).
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Consolidated foreign claims of BIS reporting banks to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.14	Consolidated Banking Statistics (CBS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	The ratio of consolidated foreign claims to GDP of the banks that are reporting to BIS. Foreign claims are defined as the sum of cross-border claims plus foreign offices’ local claims in all currencies. In the consolidated banking statistics claims that are granted or extended to nonresidents are referred to as cross-border claims. In the context of the consolidated banking statistics, local claims refer to claims of domestic banks’ foreign affiliates (branches/subsidiaries) on the residents of the host country (i.e. country of residence of affiliates). The calculation is based on BIS CBS Table B3: cross-border claims + local claims. End-of-year data (i.e. December data) are considered for banks claims. GDP is from World Development Indicators.
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Corporate bond average maturity (years)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DM.15	Debt Capital Market Database, Dealogic; World Bank Global Syndicated Loans and Bonds Database (FinDebt)
Description	Duration of bonds weighted by deal volume. Average maturities are constructed in two steps: i) the maturity of each tranche is weighted by the value of the tranche to estimate the deal level weighted-average maturity, ii) deal-level weighted average maturities are weighted again by the total value of the bond to aggregate to the country-year level.
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Corporate bond issuance volume to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DM.13	Debt Capital Market Database, Dealogic; World Bank Global Syndicated Loans and Bonds Database (FinDebt)
Description	Total volume of newly issued corporate bonds by private entities in industries other than finance, holding companies and insurance, divided by GDP in current USD. GDP is from World Development Indicators.
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Credit card ownership (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.20	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents with a credit card (% age 15+). The variables correspond to Global Findex variable fin7_t_a.
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Credit to government and state owned enterprises to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.08	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. (IFS line 22a + line 22b + line 22c) / GDP. IFS line FOSAG, FOSAOG and FOSAON are used respectively for line 22a, 22b and 22c when unavailable. Local currency GDP is from IFS (line NGDP).
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D

Debit card ownership (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.21	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents with a debit card (% age 15+). The variables correspond to Global Findex variable fin2_t_a.
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Debt securities by offshore investors (amounts outstanding) to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.09	Debt Securities Statistics (DSS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	Ratio of outstanding offshore debt securities to GDP. Offshore debt securities from BIS DDS Table C3 (amount outstanding): International debt securities - all issuers.
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Debt securities by offshore investors (net issuances) to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.08	Debt Securities Statistics (DSS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	Ratio of net offshore debt securities issuances to GDP. Offshore debt securities issuances data from BIS DSS Table C3 (net Issues): International debt securities - all issuers.
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Deposit money bank assets to deposit money bank assets and central bank assets (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.04	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF's International Financial Statistics (IFS lines 12 and 22, a-d, FASAG, FASAOS, FASAON, FASAOP, FOSAG, FOSAOG, FOSAON and FOSAOP).
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Deposit money banks' assets to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.02	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Claims on domestic real nonfinancial sector by deposit money banks as a share of GDP. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Deposit money bank assets (IFS lines 22, a-d, FOSAG, FOSAOG, FOSAON and FOSAOP); GDP in local currency (IFS line NGDP).
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Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.14	World Development Indicators (WDI), World Bank
Description	Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises.
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E

External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis all sectors (% of domestic bank deposits)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.12	Locational Banking Statistics (LBS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	Data is from BIS LBS Table A6.1: External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis all sectors, on the basis of residence. Bank deposits from IFS (IFS lines 24, 25, FOST and FOSD). End of year data (i.e. December data) are used.
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External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis the banking sector (% of domestic bank deposits)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.10	Locational Banking Statistics (LBS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	Data is from BIS LBS Table A6.1: External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis the banking sector, on the basis of residence. Bank deposits from IFS (IFS lines 24, 25, FOST and FOSD). End of year data (i.e. December data) are used.
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External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis the nonbanking sectors (% of domestic bank deposits)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.11	Locational Banking Statistics (LBS), Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Description	Data is from BIS LBS Table A6.1: External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis nonbanking sectors, on the basis of residence. Bank deposits from IFS (IFS lines 24, 25, FOST and FOSD). End of year data (i.e. December data) are used.
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F

Financial institution account (% age 15+)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.05	Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank
Description	The percentage of respondents with an account (self or together with someone else) at a bank, credit union, another financial institution (e.g., cooperative, microfinance institution), or the post office (if applicable) including respondents who reported having a debit card (% age 15+). The values correspond to Global Findex variable fin1_t_a.
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Financial system deposits to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.DI.08	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Demand, time and saving deposits in deposit money banks and other financial institutions as a share of GDP. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Financial system deposits (IFS lines 24, 25, 44, 45, FOST and FOSD); GDP in local currency (IFS line NGDP).
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Firms identifying access to finance as a major constraint (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.36	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Percentage of firms identifying access/cost of finance as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.
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Firms not needing a loan (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.32	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Percent of firms that did not apply for a loan in the last fiscal year because they did not need a loan. The denominator is the sum of all firms who applied and did not apply for a loan. The numerator is the number of firms who did not apply for a loan and also stated that they did not need a loan.
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Firms using banks to finance investments (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.28	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Percentage of firms using banks to finance purchases of fixed assets.
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Firms using banks to finance working capital (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.29	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Percentage of firms using bank loans to finance working capital.
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Firms whose recent loan application was rejected (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.33	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Percent of firms whose most recent loan application was rejected by a formal financial institution.
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Firms with a bank loan or line of credit (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.03	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Percentage of firms in the formal sector with a line of credit or a loan from a formal financial institution, such as a bank, credit union, microfinance institution, or cooperative.
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Firms with a checking or savings account (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.27	Enterprise Surveys, World Bank
Description	Percentage of firms with a checking or savings account.
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