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WDI Database Archives was updated on April 9, 2025
Global Economic Monitor (GEM) was updated on April 7, 2025
World Development Indicators was updated on March 24, 2025
Gender Statistics was updated on March 5, 2025

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Showing Results from 1251 to 1300 of 6804

A

Average per capita transfer held by extreme poor (<$2.15 a day) - Public Works
Dimension	Series
Database Name	ASPIRE - The Atlas of Social Protection: Indicators of Resilience and Equity
Code	Source
per_sa_pw.avt_ep_tot	ASPIRE
Description	Average transfer amount of Public Works programs among program beneficiaries (per capita, daily $ppp)
more

Average per capita transfer held by extreme poor (<$2.15 a day) - Public Works (preT)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	ASPIRE - The Atlas of Social Protection: Indicators of Resilience and Equity
Code	Source
per_sa_pw.avt_ep_preT_tot	ASPIRE
Description	Average transfer amount of Public Works programs among program beneficiaries (per capita, daily $ppp)
more

Average per capita transfer held by extreme poor (<$2.15 a day) - School Feeding
Dimension	Series
Database Name	ASPIRE - The Atlas of Social Protection: Indicators of Resilience and Equity
Code	Source
per_sa_sf.avt_ep_tot	ASPIRE
Description	Average transfer amount of School Feeding programs among program beneficiaries (per capita, daily $ppp)
more

Average per capita transfer held by extreme poor (<$2.15 a day) - School Feeding (preT)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	ASPIRE - The Atlas of Social Protection: Indicators of Resilience and Equity
Code	Source
per_sa_sf.avt_ep_preT_tot	ASPIRE
Description	Average transfer amount of School Feeding programs among program beneficiaries (per capita, daily $ppp)
more

Average per capita transfer held by extreme poor (<$2.15 a day) - Social Pensions
Dimension	Series
Database Name	ASPIRE - The Atlas of Social Protection: Indicators of Resilience and Equity
Code	Source
per_sa_sp.avt_ep_tot	ASPIRE
Description	Average transfer amount of Social Pensions programs among program beneficiaries (per capita, daily $ppp)
more

Average per capita transfer held by extreme poor (<$2.15 a day) - Social Pensions (preT)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	ASPIRE - The Atlas of Social Protection: Indicators of Resilience and Equity
Code	Source
per_sa_sp.avt_ep_preT_tot	ASPIRE
Description	Average transfer amount of Social Pensions programs among program beneficiaries (per capita, daily $ppp)
more

Average per capita transfer held by extreme poor (<$2.15 a day) - Subsidies
Dimension	Series
Database Name	ASPIRE - The Atlas of Social Protection: Indicators of Resilience and Equity
Code	Source
per_sa_fw.avt_ep_tot	ASPIRE
Description	Average transfer amount of Fee waivers and targeted subsidies programs among program beneficiaries (per capita, daily $ppp)
more

Average per capita transfer held by extreme poor (<$2.15 a day) - Subsidies (preT)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	ASPIRE - The Atlas of Social Protection: Indicators of Resilience and Equity
Code	Source
per_sa_fw.avt_ep_preT_tot	ASPIRE
Description	Average transfer amount of Fee waivers and targeted subsidies programs among program beneficiaries (per capita, daily $ppp)
more

Average per capita transfer held by extreme poor (<$2.15 a day) -All Social Protection and Labor
Dimension	Series
Database Name	ASPIRE - The Atlas of Social Protection: Indicators of Resilience and Equity
Code	Source
per_allsp.avt_ep_tot	ASPIRE
Description	Average transfer amount of Social Protection and Labor programs among program beneficiaries (per capita, daily $ppp)
more

Average per capita transfer held by extreme poor (<$2.15 a day) -All Social Protection and Labor (preT)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	ASPIRE - The Atlas of Social Protection: Indicators of Resilience and Equity
Code	Source
per_allsp.avt_ep_preT_tot	ASPIRE
Description	Average transfer amount of Social Protection and Labor programs among program beneficiaries (per capita, daily $ppp)
more

Average precipitation in depth (mm per year)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	World Development Indicators
Code	Source
AG.LND.PRCP.MM	Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site.
Description	Average precipitation is the long-term average in depth (over space and time) of annual precipitation in the country. Precipitation is defined as any kind of water that falls from clouds as a liquid or a solid.
more

Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products from developing countries (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Millennium Development Goals
Code	Source
TM.TAX.AGRI.CD.DV	United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Trade Organization, and International Trade Center. Data are available online at: www.mdg-trade.org.
Description	It is the average tariffs imposed by developed countries on subsets of selected items (agricultural products, textile and clothing exports) that are deemed to be of interest to developing countries. For the purpose of calculating this indicator, Japan in Asia, Canada and the United States in North America, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania and Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the EU (25 countries included since 2004) in Europe are considered “developed” regions or areas, following the common accepted practice used for MDG indicators. Developing countries are those not listed as developed or transition countries. The list of least developed countries (LDCs) has been agreed by the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Committee for Development Policy, Economic and Social Council. Agricultural, clothing and textile groups follow the definition in WTO agreements based on the Harmonized System 1992, transposed to current versions by WTO Secretariat. Agricultural products correspond to Harmonized System 1992, chapters 01 to 24 less fish and fish products (chap. 03); in addition to parts of chapters 29, 33, 35, 38, 41, 43, 50 to 53. Textile is mainly covered in chapters 50 to 60. The bulk of clothing products are found in chapters 61-63.
more

Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products from least developed countries (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Millennium Development Goals
Code	Source
TM.TAX.AGRI.CD.LD	United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Trade Organization, and International Trade Center. Data are available online at: www.mdg-trade.org.
Description	It is the average tariffs imposed by developed countries on subsets of selected items (agricultural products, textile and clothing exports) that are deemed to be of interest to developing countries. For the purpose of calculating this indicator, Japan in Asia, Canada and the United States in North America, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania and Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the EU (25 countries included since 2004) in Europe are considered “developed” regions or areas, following the common accepted practice used for MDG indicators. Developing countries are those not listed as developed or transition countries. The list of least developed countries (LDCs) has been agreed by the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Committee for Development Policy, Economic and Social Council. Agricultural, clothing and textile groups follow the definition in WTO agreements based on the Harmonized System 1992, transposed to current versions by WTO Secretariat. Agricultural products correspond to Harmonized System 1992, chapters 01 to 24 less fish and fish products (chap. 03); in addition to parts of chapters 29, 33, 35, 38, 41, 43, 50 to 53. Textile is mainly covered in chapters 50 to 60. The bulk of clothing products are found in chapters 61-63.
more

Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on clothing products from developing countries (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Millennium Development Goals
Code	Source
TM.TAX.CLTH.CD.DV	United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Trade Organization, and International Trade Center. Data are available online at: www.mdg-trade.org.
Description	It is the average tariffs imposed by developed countries on subsets of selected items (agricultural products, textile and clothing exports) that are deemed to be of interest to developing countries. For the purpose of calculating this indicator, Japan in Asia, Canada and the United States in North America, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania and Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the EU (25 countries included since 2004) in Europe are considered “developed” regions or areas, following the common accepted practice used for MDG indicators. Developing countries are those not listed as developed or transition countries. The list of least developed countries (LDCs) has been agreed by the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Committee for Development Policy, Economic and Social Council. Agricultural, clothing and textile groups follow the definition in WTO agreements based on the Harmonized System 1992, transposed to current versions by WTO Secretariat. Agricultural products correspond to Harmonized System 1992, chapters 01 to 24 less fish and fish products (chap. 03); in addition to parts of chapters 29, 33, 35, 38, 41, 43, 50 to 53. Textile is mainly covered in chapters 50 to 60. The bulk of clothing products are found in chapters 61-63.
more

Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on clothing products from least developed countries (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Millennium Development Goals
Code	Source
TM.TAX.CLTH.CD.LD	United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Trade Organization, and International Trade Center. Data are available online at: www.mdg-trade.org.
Description	It is the average tariffs imposed by developed countries on subsets of selected items (agricultural products, textile and clothing exports) that are deemed to be of interest to developing countries. For the purpose of calculating this indicator, Japan in Asia, Canada and the United States in North America, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania and Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the EU (25 countries included since 2004) in Europe are considered “developed” regions or areas, following the common accepted practice used for MDG indicators. Developing countries are those not listed as developed or transition countries. The list of least developed countries (LDCs) has been agreed by the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Committee for Development Policy, Economic and Social Council. Agricultural, clothing and textile groups follow the definition in WTO agreements based on the Harmonized System 1992, transposed to current versions by WTO Secretariat. Agricultural products correspond to Harmonized System 1992, chapters 01 to 24 less fish and fish products (chap. 03); in addition to parts of chapters 29, 33, 35, 38, 41, 43, 50 to 53. Textile is mainly covered in chapters 50 to 60. The bulk of clothing products are found in chapters 61-63.
more

Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on textile products from developing countries (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Millennium Development Goals
Code	Source
TM.TAX.TXTL.CD.DV	United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Trade Organization, and International Trade Center. Data are available online at: www.mdg-trade.org.
Description	It is the average tariffs imposed by developed countries on subsets of selected items (agricultural products, textile and clothing exports) that are deemed to be of interest to developing countries. For the purpose of calculating this indicator, Japan in Asia, Canada and the United States in North America, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania and Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the EU (25 countries included since 2004) in Europe are considered “developed” regions or areas, following the common accepted practice used for MDG indicators. Developing countries are those not listed as developed or transition countries. The list of least developed countries (LDCs) has been agreed by the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Committee for Development Policy, Economic and Social Council. Agricultural, clothing and textile groups follow the definition in WTO agreements based on the Harmonized System 1992, transposed to current versions by WTO Secretariat. Agricultural products correspond to Harmonized System 1992, chapters 01 to 24 less fish and fish products (chap. 03); in addition to parts of chapters 29, 33, 35, 38, 41, 43, 50 to 53. Textile is mainly covered in chapters 50 to 60. The bulk of clothing products are found in chapters 61-63.
more

Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on textile products from least developed countries (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Millennium Development Goals
Code	Source
TM.TAX.TXTL.CD.LD	United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Trade Organization, and International Trade Center. Data are available online at: www.mdg-trade.org.
Description	It is the average tariffs imposed by developed countries on subsets of selected items (agricultural products, textile and clothing exports) that are deemed to be of interest to developing countries. For the purpose of calculating this indicator, Japan in Asia, Canada and the United States in North America, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania and Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the EU (25 countries included since 2004) in Europe are considered “developed” regions or areas, following the common accepted practice used for MDG indicators. Developing countries are those not listed as developed or transition countries. The list of least developed countries (LDCs) has been agreed by the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Committee for Development Policy, Economic and Social Council. Agricultural, clothing and textile groups follow the definition in WTO agreements based on the Harmonized System 1992, transposed to current versions by WTO Secretariat. Agricultural products correspond to Harmonized System 1992, chapters 01 to 24 less fish and fish products (chap. 03); in addition to parts of chapters 29, 33, 35, 38, 41, 43, 50 to 53. Textile is mainly covered in chapters 50 to 60. The bulk of clothing products are found in chapters 61-63.
more

Average time to clear exports through customs (days)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	World Development Indicators
Code	Source
IC.CUS.DURS.EX	World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/).
Description	Average time to clear exports through customs is the average number of days to clear direct exports through customs.
more

Average working hours of children, study and work, ages 7-14 (hours per week)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	World Development Indicators
Code	Source
SL.TLF.0714.SW.TM	Understanding Children's Work project based on data from ILO, UNICEF and the World Bank.
Description	Average working hours of children studying and working refer to the average weekly working hours of those children who are attending school in combination with economic activity.
more

Average working hours of children, study and work, female, ages 7-14 (hours per week)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	World Development Indicators
Code	Source
SL.TLF.0714.SW.FE.TM	Understanding Children's Work project based on data from ILO, UNICEF and the World Bank.
Description	Average working hours of children studying and working refer to the average weekly working hours of those children who are attending school in combination with economic activity.
more

Average working hours of children, study and work, male, ages 7-14 (hours per week)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	World Development Indicators
Code	Source
SL.TLF.0714.SW.MA.TM	Understanding Children's Work project based on data from ILO, UNICEF and the World Bank.
Description	Average working hours of children studying and working refer to the average weekly working hours of those children who are attending school in combination with economic activity.
more

Average working hours of children, working only, ages 7-14 (hours per week)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	World Development Indicators
Code	Source
SL.TLF.0714.WK.TM	Understanding Children's Work project based on data from ILO, UNICEF and the World Bank.
Description	Average working hours of children working only refers to the average weekly working hours of those children who are involved in economic activity and not attending school.
more

Average working hours of children, working only, female, ages 7-14 (hours per week)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	World Development Indicators
Code	Source
SL.TLF.0714.WK.FE.TM	Understanding Children's Work project based on data from ILO, UNICEF and the World Bank.
Description	Average working hours of children working only refers to the average weekly working hours of those children who are involved in economic activity and not attending school.
more

Average working hours of children, working only, male, ages 7-14 (hours per week)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	World Development Indicators
Code	Source
SL.TLF.0714.WK.MA.TM	Understanding Children's Work project based on data from ILO, UNICEF and the World Bank.
Description	Average working hours of children working only refers to the average weekly working hours of those children who are involved in economic activity and not attending school.
more

Average years of schooling, poorest quintile (ages 15-19, DHS/MICS)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	World Development Indicators
Code	Source
SE.YRS.SCHL.1519.Q1
Description	Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Quintile 1 (lowest) is the number of years of formal schooling received, on average, by the quintile 1 population of the given age group.
more

Average years of schooling, richest quintile (ages 15-19, DHS/MICS)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	World Development Indicators
Code	Source
SE.YRS.SCHL.1519.Q5
Description	Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Quintile 5 (highest) is the number of years of formal schooling received, on average, by the quintile 5 population of the given age group.
more

B

Baccalaureate in Central African Republic, exam at the end of secondary education, success rate (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Partnership for Education
Code	Source
8.3.2_CAF.BAC.SUCC
Description	Success rate in the exam at the end of secondary education (Baccalaureate), as reported by the Local Education Group (LEG). Country-specific definition and method are determined by the country.
more

Bank accounts per 1,000 adults
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.01	Financial Access Survey (FAS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	For each country calculated as: 1,000*reported number of depositors/adult population in the reporting country.
more

Bank branches per 100,000 adults
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.AI.02	Financial Access Survey (FAS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	For each country calculated as: 100,000*reported number of commercial bank branches/adult population in the reporting country.
more

Bank capital to assets ratio (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	World Development Indicators
Code	Source
FB.BNK.CAPA.ZS	International Monetary Fund, Financial Soundness Indicators.
Description	Bank capital to assets is the ratio of bank capital and reserves to total assets. Capital and reserves include funds contributed by owners, retained earnings, general and special reserves, provisions, and valuation adjustments. Capital includes tier 1 capital (paid-up shares and common stock), which is a common feature in all countries' banking systems, and total regulatory capital, which includes several specified types of subordinated debt instruments that need not be repaid if the funds are required to maintain minimum capital levels (these comprise tier 2 and tier 3 capital). Total assets include all nonfinancial and financial assets.
more

Bank capital to total assets (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SI.03	Financial Soundness Indicators Database (fsi.imf.org), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Ratio of bank capital and reserves to total assets. Capital and reserves include funds contributed by owners, retained earnings, general and special reserves, provisions, and valuation adjustments. Capital includes tier 1 capital (paid-up shares and common stock), which is a common feature in all countries' banking systems, and total regulatory capital, which includes several specified types of subordinated debt instruments that need not be repaid if the funds are required to maintain minimum capital levels (these comprise tier 2 and tier 3 capital). Total assets include all nonfinancial and financial assets. Reported by IMF staff. Note that due to differences in national accounting, taxation, and supervisory regimes, these data are not strictly comparable across countries.
more

Bank concentration (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.01	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Assets of three largest commercial banks as a share of total commercial banking assets. Total assets include total earning assets, cash and due from banks, foreclosed real estate, fixed assets, goodwill, other intangibles, current tax assets, deferred tax assets, discontinued operations and other assets. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is (sum(data2025) for the three largest banks in Bankscope) / (sum(data2025) for all banks) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis.
more

Bank cost to income ratio (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.07	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Operating expenses of a bank as a share of sum of net-interest revenue and other operating income. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2090 / (data2080 + data2085) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. All Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
more

Bank credit to bank deposits (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SI.04	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Private credit by deposit money banks (IFS line 22d and FOSAOP); bank deposits (IFS lines 24, 25, FOST and FOSD).
more

Bank deposits to GDP (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.02	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Demand, time and saving deposits in deposit money banks as a share of GDP. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Bank deposits (IFS lines 24, 25, FOST and FOSD); GDP in local currency (IFS line NGDP); end-of period CPI (IFS line PCPI); and average annual CPI is calculated using the monthly CPI values (IFS line PCPI).
more

Bank lending-deposit spread
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.02	International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Difference between lending rate and deposit rate. Lending rate is the rate charged by banks on loans to the private sector and deposit interest rate is the rate offered by commercial banks on three-month deposits. IFS line 60P - line 60L.
more

Bank liquid reserves to bank assets ratio (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	World Development Indicators
Code	Source
FD.RES.LIQU.AS.ZS	International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and data files.
Description	Ratio of bank liquid reserves to bank assets is the ratio of domestic currency holdings and deposits with the monetary authorities to claims on other governments, nonfinancial public enterprises, the private sector, and other banking institutions.
more

Bank net interest margin (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.01	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Accounting value of bank's net interest revenue as a share of its average interest-bearing (total earning) assets. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2080[t] / ((data2010[t] + data2010[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
more

Bank noninterest income to total income (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.03	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Bank’s income that has been generated by noninterest related activities as a percentage of total income (net-interest income plus noninterest income). Noninterest related income includes net gains on trading and derivatives, net gains on other securities, net fees and commissions and other operating income. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2085 / (data2080 + data2085) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Number is only calculated when net-interest income is not negative. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
more

Bank nonperforming loans to gross loans (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SI.02	Financial Soundness Indicators Database (fsi.imf.org), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Reported by IMF staff. Note that due to differences in national accounting, taxation, and supervisory regimes, these data are not strictly comparable across countries.
more

Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	World Development Indicators
Code	Source
FB.AST.NPER.ZS	International Monetary Fund, Financial Soundness Indicators.
Description	Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans are the value of nonperforming loans divided by the total value of the loan portfolio (including nonperforming loans before the deduction of specific loan-loss provisions). The loan amount recorded as nonperforming should be the gross value of the loan as recorded on the balance sheet, not just the amount that is overdue.
more

Bank overhead costs to total assets (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.04	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Operating expenses of a bank as a share of the value of all assets held. Total assets include total earning assets, cash and due from banks, foreclosed real estate, fixed assets, goodwill, other intangibles, current tax assets, deferred tax assets, discontinued operations and other assets. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2090[t] / ((data2025[t] + data2025[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
more

Bank regulatory capital to risk-weighted assets (%)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SI.05	Financial Soundness Indicators Database (fsi.imf.org), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Description	Reported by IMF staff. Note that due to differences in national accounting, taxation, and supervisory regimes, these data are not strictly comparable across countries.
more

Bank return on assets (%, after tax)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.05	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Commercial banks’ after-tax net income to yearly averaged total assets. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2115[t] / ((data2025[t] + data2025[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
more

Bank return on assets (%, before tax)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.09	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Commercial banks’ pre-tax income to yearly averaged total assets. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data10270[t] / ((data2025[t] + data2025[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
more

Bank return on equity (%, after tax)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.06	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Commercial banks’ after-tax net income to yearly averaged equity. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data2115[t] / ((data2055[t] + data2055[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
more

Bank return on equity (%, before tax)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.EI.10	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	Commercial banks’ pre-tax income to yearly averaged equity. Raw data are from Bankscope and Orbis. The formula applied to Bankscope is data10270[t] / ((data2055[t] + data2055[t-1])/2) and a comparable approach is applied to Orbis. Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
more

Bank Z-score
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.SI.01	Bankscope (2000-14) and Orbis (2015-21), Bureau van Dijk (BvD)
Description	It captures the probability of default of a country's banking system. Z-score compares the buffer of a country's banking system (capitalization and returns) with the volatility of those returns. It is estimated as (ROA+(equity/assets))/sd(ROA); sd(ROA) is the standard deviation of ROA, calculated for country-years with no less than 5 bank-level observations. ROA, equity, and assets are country-level aggregate figures. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope and Orbis. The result is not reported if a country-year has less than 3 bank-level observations.
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Banking crisis dummy (1=banking crisis, 0=none)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	Global Financial Development
Code	Source
GFDD.OI.19	LAEVEN, L. and VALENCIA, F. (2018), “Systemic Banking Crises Revisited”, IMF WP/18/206
Description	A banking crisis is defined as systemic if two conditions are met: a. Significant signs of financial distress in the banking system (as indicated bysignificant bank runs, losses in the banking system, and/or bank liquidations), b. Significant banking policy intervention measures in response to significant losses in the banking system. The first year that both criteria are met is considered as the year when the crisis start becoming systemic. The end of a crisis is defined the year before both real GDP growth and real credit growth are positive for at least two consecutive years.
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Banking, value added (constant LCU)
Dimension	Series
Database Name	World Development Indicators
Code	Source
NV.SRV.BNKG.KN	World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.
Description	Value added in banking is defined as the value of output of the banking industry less the value of intermediate consumption (intermediate inputs). Banking is a subset of services, comprising financial intermediation (ISIC 65-67). Data are in constant local currency.
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