Country Profile
1990
2000
2010
2021
World view
Population, total (millions)
147.97
146.60
142.85
144.75
Population growth (annual %)
0.2
-0.4
0.0
-0.3
Surface area (sq. km) (thousands)
17,098.2
17,098.2
17,098.3
17,098.3
Population density (people per sq. km of land area)
9.1
8.9
8.7
8.8
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population)
..
29.0
12.5
11.0
Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population)
..
..
..
0.2
GNI, Atlas method (current US$) (billions)
510.86
250.29
1,425.19
1,725.86
GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)
3,440
1,710
9,980
11,720
GNI, PPP (current international $) (billions)
1,185.49
974.63
2,836.59
5,598.68
GNI per capita, PPP (current international $)
8,010
6,650
19,860
38,030
People
Income share held by lowest 20%
..
..
..
6.9
Life expectancy at birth, total (years)
69
65
69
70
Fertility rate, total (births per woman)
1.9
1.2
1.6
1.5
Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19)
54
27
31
15
Contraceptive prevalence, any method (% of married women ages 15-49)
63
..
68
..
Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)
99
99
100
100
Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)
22
19
10
5
Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5)
..
..
..
..
Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)
83
97
98
97
Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)
..
96
90
102
School enrollment, primary (% gross)
108.2
111.4
96.0
103.8
School enrollment, secondary (% gross)
97
91
94
95
School enrollment, primary and secondary (gross), gender parity index (GPI)
..
1
1
1
Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)
..
..
..
..
Environment
Forest area (sq. km) (thousands)
8,090.1
8,092.7
8,151.4
8,153.1
Terrestrial and marine protected areas (% of total territorial area)
..
..
..
8.6
Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources)
2.3
1.8
1.6
1.5
Urban population growth (annual %)
0.2
-0.4
0.1
-0.1
Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)
5,942
4,224
4,819
..
CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)
14.62
10.67
11.33
11.14
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
6,688
5,198
6,410
..
Economy
GDP (current US$) (billions)
517.01
259.71
1,524.92
1,843.39
GDP growth (annual %)
-3.0
10.0
4.5
5.6
Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)
15.9
37.7
14.2
19.4
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP)
15
6
3
4
Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP)
45
34
30
31
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
18
44
29
30
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
18
24
21
20
Gross capital formation (% of GDP)
30
19
23
23
Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP)
..
23.0
20.7
19.8
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP)
..
7.0
-2.4
1.3
States and markets
Time required to start a business (days)
..
..
13
10
Domestic credit provided by financial sector (% of GDP)
..
..
..
86.2
Tax revenue (% of GDP)
..
13.6
13.0
11.6
Military expenditure (% of GDP)
4.4
3.3
3.6
3.7
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
0.0
2.2
165.7
169.0
Individuals using the Internet (% of population)
0.0
2.0
49.0
88.2
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)
..
..
9
10
Global links
Merchandise trade (% of GDP)
18
58
43
43
Net barter terms of trade index (2015 = 100)
..
72
115
115
External debt stocks, total (DOD, current US$) (millions)
79,671
146,665
417,886
472,158
Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services and primary income)
..
10.1
11.6
15.9
Net migration (thousands)
258
405
253
321
Personal remittances, received (current US$) (millions)
..
500
5,250
9,647
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) (millions)
1,161
2,678
43,168
40,450
Net official development assistance received (current US$) (millions)
..
..
..
..
Source: World Development Indicators database
Figures in italics refer to periods other than those specified.
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