Country Profile
1990
2000
2010
2021
World view
Population, total (millions)
147.97
146.60
142.85
144.75
Population growth (annual %)
0.2
-0.4
0.0
-0.3
Surface area (sq. km) (thousands)
17,098.2
17,098.2
17,098.3
17,125.2
Population density (people per sq. km of land area)
9.1
8.9
8.7
8.8
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population)
..
29.0
12.5
12.1
Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)
6.2
5.1
0.2
0.2
GNI, Atlas method (current US$) (billions)
510.86
250.29
1,425.19
1,724.05
GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)
3,440
1,710
9,980
11,710
GNI, PPP (current international $) (billions)
1,185.49
974.63
2,836.59
5,554.50
GNI per capita, PPP (current international $)
8,010
6,650
19,860
37,730
People
Income share held by lowest 20%
4.7
6.4
6.4
6.9
Life expectancy at birth, total (years)
69
65
69
70
Fertility rate, total (births per woman)
1.9
1.2
1.6
1.5
Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19)
55
27
30
14
Contraceptive prevalence, any method (% of married women ages 15-49)
63
..
65
..
Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)
99
99
100
100
Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)
22
19
10
5
Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5)
..
..
..
..
Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)
83
97
98
97
Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)
..
95
91
100
School enrollment, primary (% gross)
..
110.8
96.1
100.9
School enrollment, secondary (% gross)
..
95
95
92
School enrollment, primary and secondary (gross), gender parity index (GPI)
..
1
1
1
Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)
..
..
..
..
Environment
Forest area (sq. km) (thousands)
8,090.1
8,092.7
8,151.4
8,153.1
Terrestrial and marine protected areas (% of total territorial area)
..
..
8.8
8.6
Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources)
2.3
1.8
1.6
1.5
Urban population growth (annual %)
0.4
-0.2
0.2
-0.3
Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)
5,943
4,225
4,853
5,681
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
6,688
5,198
6,410
7,187
Economy
GDP (current US$) (billions)
517.01
259.71
1,524.92
1,829.19
GDP growth (annual %)
-3.0
10.0
4.5
5.9
Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)
15.9
37.7
14.2
18.2
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP)
15
6
3
4
Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP)
45
34
30
32
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
18
44
29
30
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
18
24
21
21
Gross capital formation (% of GDP)
30
19
23
23
Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP)
..
24.6
26.1
26.6
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP)
..
2.5
-1.9
1.2
Domestic credit provided by financial sector (% of GDP)
..
..
..
86.2
Tax revenue (% of GDP)
..
13.7
13.0
11.7
Military expenditure (% of GDP)
4.4
3.3
3.6
3.6
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
0.0
2.2
165.1
169.1
Individuals using the Internet (% of population)
0.0
2.0
49.0
88.2
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)
..
..
9
10
Global links
Merchandise trade (% of GDP)
18
58
43
43
Net barter terms of trade index (2015 = 100)
..
72
115
115
External debt stocks, total (DOD, current US$) (millions)
79,671
146,665
417,886
472,158
Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services and primary income)
..
10.1
11.6
15.9
Net migration (thousands)
300
550
308
314
Personal remittances, received (current US$) (millions)
..
500
5,250
9,647
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) (millions)
0
2,678
43,168
40,450
Net official development assistance received (current US$) (millions)
..
..
..
..
Source: World Development Indicators database
Figures in italics refer to periods other than those specified.
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