Country Profile
1990
2000
2010
2021
World view
Population, total (millions)
9.05
11.59
14.26
17.11
Population growth (annual %)
2.7
2.4
1.8
1.5
Surface area (sq. km) (thousands)
108.9
108.9
108.9
108.9
Population density (people per sq. km of land area)
84.5
108.2
133.1
159.7
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population)
..
56.0
..
..
Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population)
37.0
9.6
..
..
GNI, Atlas method (current US$) (billions)
8.44
19.40
38.99
84.37
GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)
930
1,670
2,730
4,930
GNI, PPP (current international $) (billions)
29.17
54.47
92.00
201.99
GNI per capita, PPP (current international $)
3,220
4,700
6,450
11,810
People
Income share held by lowest 20%
2.2
3.5
..
..
Life expectancy at birth, total (years)
62
67
71
69
Fertility rate, total (births per woman)
5.5
4.6
3.4
2.4
Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19)
112
109
89
64
Contraceptive prevalence, any method (% of married women ages 15-49)
23
38
54
..
Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)
29
41
52
..
Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)
80
52
35
23
Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5)
27.9
18.8
14.1
14.4
Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)
68
86
93
81
Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)
..
54
84
89
School enrollment, primary (% gross)
76.5
99.1
117.2
103.8
School enrollment, secondary (% gross)
23
31
52
48
School enrollment, primary and secondary (gross), gender parity index (GPI)
1
1
1
1
Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)
0.2
0.5
0.3
0.2
Environment
Forest area (sq. km) (thousands)
47.8
42.1
37.2
35.2
Terrestrial and marine protected areas (% of total territorial area)
..
..
..
10.1
Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources)
..
2.2
3.0
3.0
Urban population growth (annual %)
3.5
3.2
2.5
2.3
Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)
487
607
715
..
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
205
332
556
..
Economy
GDP (current US$) (billions)
7.65
19.29
40.68
86.05
GDP growth (annual %)
3.1
3.6
2.9
8.0
Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)
40.5
6.8
5.1
2.7
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP)
26
23
11
9
Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP)
20
20
27
22
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
21
20
26
18
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
25
29
37
32
Gross capital formation (% of GDP)
14
18
14
17
Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP)
7.9
10.2
11.3
12.7
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP)
-1.9
-1.8
-3.4
-1.2
States and markets
Time required to start a business (days)
..
41
36
15
Domestic credit provided by financial sector (% of GDP)
..
27.7
37.1
46.2
Tax revenue (% of GDP)
6.9
10.1
10.6
11.6
Military expenditure (% of GDP)
1.7
0.9
0.4
0.4
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
0.0
7.3
124.2
125.6
Individuals using the Internet (% of population)
0.0
0.7
10.5
50.8
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)
..
..
6
5
Global links
Merchandise trade (% of GDP)
37
41
55
47
Net barter terms of trade index (2015 = 100)
132
115
106
106
External debt stocks, total (DOD, current US$) (millions)
2,911
3,948
15,043
26,952
Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services and primary income)
15.4
9.7
16.1
9.4
Net migration (thousands)
-30
-66
-36
-29
Personal remittances, received (current US$) (millions)
119
596
4,225
15,408
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) (millions)
48
-789
1,102
3,626
Net official development assistance received (current US$) (millions)
185.9
260.7
402.1
512.5
Source: World Development Indicators database
Figures in italics refer to periods other than those specified.
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