Country Profile
1990
2000
2010
2021
World view
Population, total (millions)
5.28
7.22
9.80
13.41
Population growth (annual %)
3.1
3.1
3.0
2.6
Surface area (sq. km) (thousands)
114.8
114.8
114.8
114.8
Population density (people per sq. km of land area)
46.8
64.0
86.9
119.0
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population)
..
29.0
35.2
36.2
Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)
..
70.5
68.4
27.2
GNI, Atlas method (current US$) (billions)
1.83
3.29
9.95
17.15
GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)
350
450
1,020
1,280
GNI, PPP (current international $) (billions)
6.17
12.03
21.63
45.97
GNI per capita, PPP (current international $)
1,170
1,670
2,210
3,430
People
Income share held by lowest 20%
..
7.0
6.1
7.6
Life expectancy at birth, total (years)
53
57
58
60
Fertility rate, total (births per woman)
6.7
5.9
5.5
4.7
Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19)
127
118
98
80
Contraceptive prevalence, any method (% of married women ages 15-49)
..
19
13
22
Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)
..
66
81
78
Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)
172
136
108
83
Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5)
..
19.5
17.1
19.6
Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)
79
70
68
53
Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)
18
35
63
68
School enrollment, primary (% gross)
47.2
77.3
112.8
105.6
School enrollment, secondary (% gross)
14
20
46
44
School enrollment, primary and secondary (gross), gender parity index (GPI)
0
1
1
1
Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)
0.2
1.5
1.1
0.8
Environment
Forest area (sq. km) (thousands)
48.4
41.4
36.4
30.9
Terrestrial and marine protected areas (% of total territorial area)
..
..
23.5
23.5
Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources)
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
Urban population growth (annual %)
5.3
3.9
4.2
3.7
Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)
315
275
364
376
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
33
55
86
113
Economy
GDP (current US$) (billions)
1.96
3.52
9.54
17.69
GDP growth (annual %)
9.0
5.9
2.1
7.2
Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)
2.2
4.3
0.9
1.6
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP)
35
24
26
29
Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP)
12
19
18
16
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
19
21
23
21
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
27
27
28
27
Gross capital formation (% of GDP)
14
16
16
29
Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP)
..
..
..
..
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP)
..
..
..
..
Domestic credit provided by financial sector (% of GDP)
..
..
..
..
Tax revenue (% of GDP)
..
..
..
..
Military expenditure (% of GDP)
1.2
0.4
0.7
0.6
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
0.0
0.8
72.2
94.9
Individuals using the Internet (% of population)
0.0
0.2
3.1
28.2
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)
..
..
1
3
Global links
Merchandise trade (% of GDP)
28
29
35
46
Net barter terms of trade index (2015 = 100)
90
84
119
108
External debt stocks, total (DOD, current US$) (millions)
1,111
1,504
2,284
10,080
Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services and primary income)
9.9
14.2
2.9
17.3
Net migration (thousands)
0
3
4
2
Personal remittances, received (current US$) (millions)
101
86
140
231
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) (millions)
-3
-13
54
346
Net official development assistance received (current US$) (millions)
266.9
244.8
601.1
851.5
Source: World Development Indicators database
Figures in italics refer to periods other than those specified.
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