Country Profile
1990
2000
2010
2021
World view
Population, total (millions)
11.63
16.19
23.29
34.53
Population growth (annual %)
3.4
3.3
3.9
3.2
Surface area (sq. km) (thousands)
1,246.7
1,246.7
1,246.7
1,246.7
Population density (people per sq. km of land area)
9.3
13.0
18.7
27.7
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population)
..
..
..
32.3
Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)
..
27.0
22.1
39.3
GNI, Atlas method (current US$) (billions)
9.21
5.90
88.12
68.87
GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)
790
360
3,780
1,990
GNI, PPP (current international $) (billions)
39.75
51.82
158.04
285.06
GNI per capita, PPP (current international $)
3,420
3,200
6,780
8,250
People
Income share held by lowest 20%
..
3.2
5.4
3.8
Life expectancy at birth, total (years)
42
47
57
63
Fertility rate, total (births per woman)
7.3
6.6
6.2
5.3
Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19)
145
148
160
143
Contraceptive prevalence, any method (% of married women ages 15-49)
..
6
20
..
Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)
..
45
47
..
Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)
213
185
83
53
Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5)
..
..
15.1
..
Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)
38
41
59
48
Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)
33
..
43
60
School enrollment, primary (% gross)
81.1
76.6
113.9
89.2
School enrollment, secondary (% gross)
10
13
28
53
School enrollment, primary and secondary (gross), gender parity index (GPI)
..
1
1
..
Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)
0.5
1.4
1.7
1.7
Environment
Forest area (sq. km) (thousands)
792.6
777.1
721.6
660.5
Terrestrial and marine protected areas (% of total territorial area)
..
..
8.9
5.0
Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources)
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
Urban population growth (annual %)
7.1
5.8
5.1
4.4
Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)
506
445
513
431
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
54
76
207
395
Economy
GDP (current US$) (billions)
11.23
9.13
95.55
79.56
GDP growth (annual %)
-3.5
3.1
5.3
2.1
Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)
14.0
418.0
28.7
35.7
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP)
..
9
10
17
Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP)
..
52
49
38
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
..
49
54
39
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
..
41
37
22
Gross capital formation (% of GDP)
0
30
30
16
Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP)
..
52.8
30.7
23.7
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP)
..
26.3
0.7
1.3
Domestic credit provided by financial sector (% of GDP)
..
..
..
18.2
Tax revenue (% of GDP)
..
28.7
14.6
10.7
Military expenditure (% of GDP)
17.5
6.4
4.2
1.4
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
0.0
0.2
40.4
44.4
Individuals using the Internet (% of population)
0.0
0.1
2.8
34.6
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)
..
..
..
16
Global links
Merchandise trade (% of GDP)
49
120
70
58
Net barter terms of trade index (2015 = 100)
68
73
154
129
External debt stocks, total (DOD, current US$) (millions)
8,592
9,763
26,796
66,020
Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services and primary income)
8.1
20.9
5.7
29.3
Net migration (thousands)
65
73
122
29
Personal remittances, received (current US$) (millions)
..
..
18
13
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) (millions)
-335
879
-3,227
-4,355
Net official development assistance received (current US$) (millions)
265.8
302.2
231.0
249.0
Source: World Development Indicators database
Figures in italics refer to periods other than those specified.
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